Biological Treatment of Dyes Using Immobilized Microbes, Toxicity Studies and Analytical Techniques: An Overview

The effluents produced from dyeing industries are a major threat to sustainable environmental development. Several challenges are observed in the treatment and disposal of complex dyes. The sustainable approaches for bioremediation of xenobiotics, in general, and dyes, in particular, have attracted the attention of researchers due to their safety. However, the biologically treated samples pose problems with its disposal as a result of their huge quantity and possible ecotoxicity. Moreover, the characterization of degraded metabolites of complex dyes is essential to determine its ecotoxicity for safe disposal. This monograph provides an overview of various biological treatment processes of dye effluents and the analytical techniques used to ensure the non-toxic nature of degraded metabolites.