Elliptical Space with the McVittie Metrics

The main feature of elliptical space—the topological identification of its antipodal points—could be fundamental for understanding the nature of the cosmological redshift. The physical interpretation of the mathematical (topological) structure of elliptical space is made by using physical connections in the form of Einstein-Rosen bridges (also called “wormholes”). The Schwarzschild metric of these structures embedded into a dynamic (expanding) spacetime corresponds to McVittie’s solution of Einstein’s field equations. The cosmological redshift of spectral lines of remote sources in this metric is a combination of gravitational redshift and the time-dependent scale factor of the Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker metric. I compare calculated distance moduli of type-Ia supernovae, which are commonly regarded as “standard candles” in cosmology, with the observational data published in the catalogue “Pantheon+”. The constraint based on these accurate data gives a much smaller expansion rate of the Universe than is currently assumed by modern cosmology, the major part of the cosmological redshift being gravitational by its nature. The estimated age of the Universe within the discussed model is 1.48·1012
yr, which is more than two orders of magnitude larger than the age assumed by using the standard cosmological model parameters.